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- $Unique_ID{BRK03869}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Ichthyosis, Harlequin Type}
- $Subject{Ichthyosis, Harlequin Type Harlequin Fetus DOC 6 (Harlequin Type)
- Disorder of Cornification 6 (Harlequin Type) Ichthyosis Harlequin Type
- Ichthyosis Congenita, Harlequin Fetus Type Ichthyosis (Disorders of
- Cornification)}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 546:
- Ichthyosis, Harlequin Type
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Harlequin Type Ichthyosis)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Harlequin Fetus
- DOC 6 (Harlequin Type)
- Disorder of Cornification 6 (Harlequin Type)
- Ichthyosis Harlequin Type
- Ichthyosis Congenita, Harlequin Fetus Type
-
- Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Ichthyosis (Disorders of Cornification)
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Harlequin Type Ichthyosis is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized
- by massive, thick skin plates that usually produce distorted facial features
- and often deformities in other parts of the body. At birth the chest and
- abdomen of patients are usually severely constricted. This makes breathing
- and eating difficult. The skin symptoms can be somewhat controlled with
- treatment.
-
- Symptoms
-
- At birth, babies with Harlequin Type Ichthyosis have massive, thick scales on
- the skin. An abnormally large amount of dead skin cells (squames)
- accumulates in the top layer of the skin. The conversion of an abnormally
- large number of epidermal cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the
- metabolism of the skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix
- around these cells. The cells can be thought of as bricks, while the matrix
- would be the mortar holding these cells together. The scaly plates formed by
- these dead skin cells cause the dermatological symptoms. The chest and
- abdomen of these infants are severely constricted at birth. This makes
- breathing and eating difficult.
-
- Causes
-
- Harlequin Type Ichthyosis is a hereditary disorder transmitted through
- autosomal recessive genes. (Human traits including the classic genetic
- diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition,
- one received from the father and one from the mother. In recessive
- disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same
- defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one
- gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but
- usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the
- children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is
- twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but
- healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will
- receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically
- normal.)
-
- Affected Population
-
- Harlequin Type Ichthyosis is a rare skin condition that affects infants
- before birth. Males and females are affected in equal numbers. It affects
- one in 500,000 persons or two per million. Harlequin type Ichthyosis affects
- about 500 persons and occurs in seven births annually in the United States.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders may be similar to those of Harlequin Type
- Ichthyosis. Inversion of an abnormally large number of epidermal cells into
- squamous cells is thought to be caused by a defect in the metabolism of the
- skin cells known as "corneocytes" or of the fat-rich matrix around these
- cells. The cells can be comparumulation of large amounts of dead cells
- (squames) in the top layer of the skin.
-
- Ichthyosis Congenita (Collodion Baby; Congenital Ichthyosiform
- Erythroderma; Xeroderma; Desquamation of Newborn) is an inherited skin
- disorder. It is characterized by generalized, abnormally red, dry and rough
- skin, with large, coarse scales. Itchiness (pruritus) usually also develops.
- Skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is abnormally thick.
- (For more information, choose "Ichthyosis Congenita" as your search term in
- the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- X-Linked Ichthyosis is an inherited skin disorder caused by a deficiency
- in the enzyme steroid sulfatase. This enzyme deficiency leads to biochemical
- alterations in steroid hormone metabolism. Cholesterol sulfate may
- accumulate in the blood and skin. (For more information, choose "X-Linked
- Ichthyosis " as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Other forms of Ichthyosis include Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, Netherton
- Syndrome, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Lamellar Ichthyosis, Refsum Syndrome, Darier
- Disease, Conradi-Hunermann Syndrome, Chanarin-Dorfman Syndrome, Epidermolytic
- Hyperkeratosis, etc. (Search under each name for more information on that
- disorder in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Harlequin Type Ichthyosis can be diagnosed before birth by removing a tiny
- skin sample from the fetus and examining this for abnormal cells. This test
- is called fetoscopy.
-
- The skin symptoms of Harlequin Type Ichthyosis are treated by applying
- skin softening (emollient) ointments, preferably plain petroleum jelly. This
- can be especially effective after bathing, while the skin is still moist.
- Salicylic acid gel is another particularly effective ointment. The skin
- should be covered at night with an airtight, waterproof dressing when this
- ointment is used. Lactate lotion can also be an effective treatment for this
- disorder.
-
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Drugs derived from Vitamin A (retinoids) such as tretinoin, motretinide, and
- etretinate are often effective against the dermatologic symptoms of Harlequin
- Type Ichthyosis, but can cause toxic effects on the bones in some cases. A
- synthetic derivative of Vitamin A, isotretinoin, when taken by pregnant
- women, can cause severe birth defects to the fetus. These Vitamin A
- compounds have not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for
- treatment of Ichthyosis.
-
- The National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases is
- looking for patients with various kinds of Ichthyosis willing to participate
- in research aimed at mapping the genes responsible for their disorder.
- Interested persons may contact:
-
- Dr. Sherri Bale
- National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 402-2679
-
- The orphan product Monolaurin (Glylorin) is being tested for treatment of
- Harlequin Type Ichthyosis. The product is manufactured by:
-
- Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
- 371 Bel Marin Keys, Suite 210
- Novato, CA 94949
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Harlequin Type Ichthyosis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Foundation for Ichthyosis and Related Skin Types, Inc. (F.I.R.S.T.)
- P.O. Box 20921
- Raleigh, NC 27619-0921
- (919) 782-5728
- (800) 545-3286
-
- The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
- Information Clearinghouse
- Box AMS
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 495-4484
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- GENETICALLY TRANSMITTED, GENERALIZED DISORDERS OF CORNIFICATION. THE
- ICHTHYOSES: M.L. Williams, et al.; Dermatol Clin (January 1987: issue
- 5(1)). Pp. 155-178.
-
- THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF LACTATE 12% LOTION IN THE TREATMENT OF
- ICHTHYOSIS. ACTIVE VERSUS VEHICLE AND ACTIVE VERSUS A PETROLEUM CREAM: M.
- Buxman, et al.; Journal Am Acad Dermatol (December 1986: issue 15(6)). Pp.
- 1253-1258.
-
- THE METABOLIC BASIS OF INHERITED DISEASE, 5th ed.: John B. Stanbury, et
- al., eds.; McGraw Hill, 1983. Pp. 1027-1039.
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1986. P. 1059.
-
-